2015考研英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)之虛擬語(yǔ)氣
[摘要] 很多同學(xué)一提起考研英語(yǔ)備考就拿起詞匯書,立馬變身“抄寫哥”開始狂背單詞,仿佛考研英語(yǔ)的復(fù)習(xí)就只有背單詞這一件事情。 但在實(shí)際的考試中,又有很多同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn):在一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句中,也許整個(gè)句子中所有的單詞考生都認(rèn)識(shí),但仍看不懂整個(gè)句子的意思。這其中原因主要是考生并沒(méi)有深刻的感受到英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)。

很多同學(xué)一提起考研英語(yǔ)備考就拿起詞匯書,立馬變身“抄寫哥”開始狂背單詞,仿佛考研英語(yǔ)的復(fù)習(xí)就只有背單詞這一件事情。 但在實(shí)際的考試中,又有很多同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn):在一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句中,也許整個(gè)句子中所有的單詞考生都認(rèn)識(shí),但仍看不懂整個(gè)句子的意思。這其中原因主要是考生并沒(méi)有深刻的感受到英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)。英語(yǔ)它是有血有肉有骨骼的。單詞和短語(yǔ)只能說(shuō)是英語(yǔ)的血肉,而英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法則是它的骨骼,要想吃透考研英語(yǔ),考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法是不可或缺的。
考研英語(yǔ)大綱中對(duì)要求考生掌握的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)有明確的要求。其中有幾個(gè)較大同時(shí)也較難的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目值得考生特別注意,因?yàn)檫@些語(yǔ)法知識(shí)一般也是命題人比較喜歡的。現(xiàn)在,小編就給大家總結(jié)一下這些常考的且難度相對(duì)較高的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目,以便幫助考生容易且有條理的掌握這些語(yǔ)法頑疾。
今天我們首先為大家梳理一下“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”方面的內(nèi)容。
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考點(diǎn)分為以下4類:
(一) if 引導(dǎo)的從句類
由if 引導(dǎo)的條件句有兩種形式,一種是真實(shí)條件句,例如:If you ask him, you will get a satisfactory answer. 另一種形式是非真實(shí)條件句,通過(guò)虛擬語(yǔ)氣來(lái)表達(dá),例如:If I were you, I would pursue the research and carry on the experiment until I get a result. 在這句話中,說(shuō)話者假設(shè)“我是你”,但是真實(shí)情況并非如此,所以使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
(1)相反的非真實(shí)條件句,從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句中用would/could/should加動(dòng)詞原形,be 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去形式為were。
If I were the president, I would declare November 1 a national holiday.
(2)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的非真實(shí)條件句,從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài),主句中用would/could/should+have done。
If the passenger had got to the airport ten minutes before the departure time, he wouldn't have misses the flight.
(3)與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的非真實(shí)條件句,從句中用should do或were to do 結(jié)構(gòu),主句中用would/could/should加動(dòng)詞原形。
He is such a chain smoker. If he were to give up smoking tomorrow, I would walk on my head.
(4)混合時(shí)態(tài)的虛擬,指的是主句和從句分別表示兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài),動(dòng)詞形式依照上述三種形式相應(yīng)變化。
If he had put all the important files in the safe yesterday, his boss wouldn't be scolding him so angrily now.
(5)該類虛擬語(yǔ)氣經(jīng)常省略if, 將從句中的系動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)之前,變成倒裝句,考生對(duì)這種形式應(yīng)該理解和掌握。
The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.
(6) 表示虛擬含義的條件并不一定都使用條件句來(lái)表達(dá),還可以通過(guò)其他形式來(lái)表示,例如with, without , under…condition, but for等,考生應(yīng)該注意。
But for the development of modern science and technology, man couldn't have walked on the moon.
(二) 從句中的(should)do 句型類
(1)英語(yǔ)中有些表示要求、建議、提議、命令、意愿等的形容詞、動(dòng)詞和名詞,其后若跟隨有主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句,從句中的動(dòng)詞要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式,即動(dòng)詞原形或should+動(dòng)詞原形。
屬于該類的常見形容詞:advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, insistent, keen, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital等。
屬于該類的常見動(dòng)詞有:advise, ask, beg, decide, demand, desire, determine, insist, intend, maintain, move, propose, order, recommend, request, require, resolve, suggest urge等。
屬于該類的常見名詞有:advice, decision, demand, desire, insistence, instruction, order, motion, preference, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, resolution suggestion等。
例句:The board deemed it urgent that these files should be printed right away.
(2)由lest, for fear that, in case引起的從句也多用 “should+動(dòng)詞原形”的形式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
例如:I had to restrain him lest he should give us away.
(三) 特殊句型類
以下所列單詞或短語(yǔ)后所引出的從句,如果是現(xiàn)在的情況,要用一般過(guò)去式;如果是過(guò)去的情況,要用過(guò)去完成體。
(1) It is about/high time(that) “是……的時(shí)間了”。此句型要表達(dá)的含義是“早該”,言外之意就是目前還沒(méi)有發(fā)生,所以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
It is high time that the government took some measures to protect the environment.
(2) would rather/had rather “寧愿……”
I could go myself but I would rather you went.
(3) wish “希望……”
I wish I were as rich as you!
(4) If only “要是 ……就好了”
由if only 引導(dǎo)的句子經(jīng)常被用來(lái)表示不可能或很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式,be 動(dòng)詞用were。也可以用來(lái)表示對(duì)過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情表示遺憾,動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成式,其作用相當(dāng)于I wish引導(dǎo)的句子。
例如:If only he weren't so thick-skinned.
If only you would listen to reason.
If only you hadn't told him what I said.
(5) as if/as though “仿佛,好像”
可以用來(lái)陳述事實(shí),也可以用來(lái)表示假設(shè),(好像是什么而實(shí)際上或心里認(rèn)為根本不是那回事)。表示假設(shè)的句子中,動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在,用過(guò)去完成式表示過(guò)去。
例如:Sometimes he acts as if he didn't have a brain in his head.
注意:as if引導(dǎo)的從句也可以用于真實(shí)語(yǔ)氣。
(四) 單用句型類
(1) should have done 本該做卻沒(méi)做
(2) should not have done 本不該做卻做了
(3) needn't have done 本沒(méi)有必要做卻做了
(此類句型還包括由其他助動(dòng)詞would, could 等加上have done 的結(jié)構(gòu)。)
例句:We should have told them the truth from the beginning.
He shouldn't have blamed his son for breaking the glass.
I needn't have taken my umbrella, since the hotel prepared many for guests.